By Ebrima S. Dem
Out of curiosity, I recently started reading various articles about the origin Fulani people ( Fulbe). In total, I read about 7 articles related to this topic. And I came across something very striking. Though, I have always believe Fulani, due to their physical features ( e.g pointed nurse, fair complexion, slim body and straight hairs, slim lips) might have Caucasian origin ( Arab, or Indian), I had never thought that they may also have Semitic roots. This is because as 96% Fulani today are Muslims and living closely with Barbers, Moors and Tuareg, I thought they maybe descendants of Arabs, but not at all from Jews. However, through my research, I am being convince that the argument that Fulani have Jewish decedent, whether true or not, do also have some weight.
I found theory, Fulani-Semitic link quite interesting. I have to admit it. According to this theory, Fulani are decedent of Jacob, through one of his ten sons. Jacob, was the son of Isaac and who was the son Abraham and Sarah. And even more interesting, I read that even the water well, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, call zam zam, were Muslims pilgrims collect holy water during hajj, built by Prophet Abraham derive it’s name from Fulani word, jam, (peace) and jam jam meaning peace peace or calm calm, which were the words, prophet Abraham uttered when the water was oozing out profusely from the underground and he wanted it to calm down.
The story continued that Fulani, who refer to themselves as Fulbe were Jews who use to lived successfully in Egypt, Yemen, and other middle eastern countries. They were engage in trade and tendering their animals. Many were shepherds and wanderers. They were highly militant and knowledgeable in astronomy, medicine and weapons making. These made them successful people. However, their success do not go down well with their neighbors and also angered the Pharaoh that ruled Egypt at the time. Because of this, they were persecute and killed. The brutality of the pharaoh forced the Fulanis to leave Egypt. They were scattered into small tribes. Some went to Palestine, and Syria, while other cross over to Sudan (Darfur region), forming Sudan Fulani, presently call the Fellatas, some moved to Ethiopia, where some continue to practice their Judaism religion but later adopted Aramaic as their language. Some move south to Western Sudan ( present day West Africa countries of Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, Gambia etc). When the Sahel become drier, over time, some moved as far as to Central Africa , then to Congo and Rwanda, in search of greener pasture of their animals, were they are referred as the Tutsi.
The large distance dividing these Fulani tribes, made their language to change into various dialects, burrowing words from indigenous groups. Over time, some even completely abandon their original Pulaar or fulfulde language, to for instance to, Aramaic, Arab, Hausa or Wolof. However, many, specially the nomadic Fulanis kept their cultures, their profession of herding animals intact. While the settled Fulanis intermarried with indigenous tribes, the nomadic Fulani avoided inter-marriages with other group, whom they considered as black races. The term “black races” to refer to indigenous African ethnic continue to be use until this day in many Fulani societies.
To further argue the Fulani-Semitic connection, I look at few similarities, I came across in the various articles I read. These are:
- Like Jews, Fulani are found almost in every country in West Africa, and many countries in East and central Africa, however, they have no country of their own. They are a minority group in all these countries, except in Guinea Conakry.
- Fulani, like Jews, despite been minorities in most countries, they were the dominant group, in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, conquering bigger groups such Hausa, Kanuri, Yoruba, Morsi, Bambara, Wolof, Serere and Mandinka. The Fulani hegemony led to the establishment many of Africa’s great empires such as Tekrur empire, Sokoto caliphate, Masina empire, Futajalon immate and most recently, Fulaadu empire.
- Like the Jews, Fulani are one of most diverse group in the world, separated by large distance, but still continue to keep to large extend their cultures intact and distinct from other ethnic groups.
- Like Jews, Fulani until today are considered as knowledgeable people and serving as theologian, spiritual guides and teachers to other ethnic groups, specially the Torobe Fulanis.
- And like Jews, Fulani often refer to as rebellious, seen with suspicious and considered as traitors by other ethnic groups.
- Like Jews, Fulani, have high regards for morality, respect for the family and value Fulani culture, call “Pulaagu”, no matter whats, while having a strong feeling of cultural and religious superiority to other groups.
To conclude, though I am not sure about authenticity of Fulani-Semitic link, it is obvious that there is a strong semblance between these groups. And today, more than 95% of Fulanis are identified them as Muslims, serving as Muslim missionaries, and even Muslim Jahadist during 18 and 18 century, however, the question I continue to ask myself, Are Fulani Muslims of Judaism origin?
Please leave your comments
Reference
Derrick J. Stenning: Savannah Nomads: A study of the Wodaabe pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu Province, Northern Nigeria, 1959
Guiraudon, 1888; Delafosse, 1912; Morel, 1902 : Jewish or Arab Syrian origin and suggested a migration westwards along the North African littoral, southwards into the West-Africa and, thence, in historical times, eastwards.
Passarge, 1895; Meyer, 1897; Crozals, 1883: Fulani were North African Berbers, According to.
David B, April 03, 2004: Gene Expression “Wodabout the Wodaabe?”
Jamtam.com: Origin of fulbe: http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2
Modernghana.com: Fulani people: https://www.modernghana.com/news/349849/1/who-are-the-fulani-people-their-origins.html
Ebrima S. Dem 
Amazing read, Mr. Dem. The origins of the Fulani people have always been a great debate. It would seem, after all, that they just might be from Israel. That would also partly explain their fair complexion among other things. It is fascinating regardless of it’s authenticity. Contrary to what I thought, they might have come from an extremely long family line that will be almost impossible to trace. Speaking of which, what if they are actually from the Kurds of Northern Iraq? They share a close relation with the Jews and even with the Semitic-speaking Arabs.
Thanks Mr. Jeng,
The fulani link to Kurds is also possible, but less likely, due to culture dissimilarities. Before, Fulani were islamized, many, have key Jewish, traditions, such as circumcision. Cultural, there are Fulani groups in Chad and Niger, call Wodabe, which despite claiming to be Muslims, still practice, pre-Islamic, pegant-Jewish rituals. They are group that considered must cultural among all Fulani ..
The story doesn’t hold much water..the word jam is used in other African tribes like soninkes..most Africans are trying to link their lineage to Judaism. The ibos of nigerian,ethiopians and many others
Pointed nose, light skin, long hairs…sounds more arian than Jewish if that’s some of your reasons… The tuaregs will have a better argument… This is nothing but low self esteem.
Did the Jews come up from the sky? Which tribe is the Jacob from? Don’t mean any rudeness.. Just some intellectual exchange
Sorry, actually Jews or Israelites have more pointed nose than the Aryan race that has a kind curve nose. Finding a historical origin of a group of people that’s not bad, Abraham was Sumerian, from Ur of Chaldean. Talking about Tuaregs, who are a group of Berbers fall under the Semites too, just like Ful’be
Thank you Madi Jobateh, Sherifo Tourey, Waka Jeng , Gambianymous and the rest of you for the comments. I noted that your comments to large extend, corroborated with that of many scholars on the myths surrounding the origin of the Fulbe. I totally agree with you that there is no simple and straightforward answer to this topic. And because of that, the view of the different scholars are as diverse as the Fulbe people themselves; who today are considered one of most geographically and linguistically diverse group in the world. Thus, my article was not intended to portray Fulbe as better people to other groups as some may tend to believe, neither are Jewish superhuman, but rather to open up an intellectual debate on this topic and unearth this myths, and give us a better understanding of who the Fulani people are, and why their phenotype is dissimilar to most other ethnic groups in West Africa. In as much as I accepted the linguistic and cultural interconnectedness between various ethnic groups in west Africa, likewise in other regions, I also think their root origin may differs. But this origin become often insignificant and get lost along the way after few generation. And thus make us to forget where we come from.. Read the full article here: https://ebrimadem.wordpress.com/2015/12/20/fulani-muslims-of-judaism-origin-revisited/
Very interesting read. I would like to pick on the issue of circumcision practised by the Fulani which the author believes corroborated possible relation between Jews and Fulani. I have to say that several other people in Africa practice circumcision. Herodotus, the father of history has reported that it was a peculiar Ancient Egyptian practice at a time when the people of Eurasia, where Jews might have originated, have little knowledge. It is likely that this Egyptian practice was part of the wider African cultural practice that continue to be present until today in various parts of the continent. In the same vein, it can be deduced that the Jews borrowed the practice from Africa during their sojourn in Egypt and then exported it to other Semitic tribes such as the Arabs. If we accept the Semitic origin of the Fulani, it has to be said that they have adopted the African practice of circumcision in much the same way as other Semitic tribes rather than to think that they introduce it to West Africa.
Thanks Dodou for the comment. I think the link between Fulani and some Jewish tribes ( if we agreed that it exist this link) is not just about the practice of circumcision,but also other tradition such as their nomadic lifestyle, migratory history, history of persecution, the ability to create states, respect for the family and feeling of superiority among others. These were all documented attributes to ancient Hebrew Jews ( decedents of Joseph; The son Jacob, son of Isaac, Son of Abraham) that used to live in ancient Egypt during the 1800 B.C. By 1447 B.C. there was a ‘great exodus’ of these Jewish people due to persecution from Egypt into the Sahel and other parts of Africa. And today, the Fulani are the are one of the major ethnic groups in the Sahel. The presence of Euroasia DNA in most Fulani is also shared by these ancient Hebrew Jews. Thus, the question is: are the Hebrew Jewish tribes that entered the Sahel, the current Fulani in the Sahel? Also, is it just a co-incidence that Fulani, Felletas, Tutsis, ( all light skins, African ethnic groups), who many believe are decedents of Jewish tribes could have so much physical and cultural similarities despite living world apart, having different religions and speaking different languages?
Thanks people i have learned a lot about Fulani keep on the good work we Fulani’s really went to no were we come from……….
Thanks so much Fullo. We will continue on our research with aim of improving people’s understanding of this topic. We also also welcome additional information and critics.
Hello to all my name is Gary , I did a complete dna test and found that I’m Fulani mostly with other mixes ,but mostly Fulani ; in my research I saw that Palestian dna run through Fulani people at a rate of 34.67 out of 100.00 and western semetic at 34.00.. Yes they, we are from the so called ‘middle east”. and yes ”I’m Hebrew..
Thanks Gray for your new discovery
Sorry I didn’t see your reply… Thanks Shalom my Brother ..Wala wala..
Excellent work! I think you are absolutely right that the Fulani are of Jewish descent, and here is another reason: the “Fulani Hat” is exactly the same as the “Jewish Hat” that Jews were required to wear to identify themselves in Medieval Christian Europe. Please have a look at the Wikipedia entries on “Fulani Hat” and “Jewish Hat”, or “Pointed Hat”. You can see an ancient painting of it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_hat
Another point is that Islam is just a branch of Judaism, created by Khadija, the 40-year-old Jewish Yemeni Kaballah Sorceress and Slavetrader, who asked her 20-year-old employee Mohammed to marry her, and wrote down the Koran for him, based entirely upon the Jewish Torah/Talmud, though Mohammed never knew it, because he was illiterate. It was Khadija’s vast Jewish wealth, inherited from her Jewish father, that funded Mohammed’s Army of Conquest, helping them to conquer whole countries full of Christians. Jewish Berbers also helped Muslims destroy the Christian Berbers, forcing the Berbers to convert to Islam and help the Muslims conquer Spain. Jews and Muslims have always been natural allies against Christians, down through the ages, which is why very few Jews have ever been attacked or killed by Muslims, at any time in history. It is Christians who have always been the target.
Your discovery that the Fulani are linked to the Tutsi/Cush (ancient Jewish Kingdom of Cush), as well as their tendency to look down upon all Indigenous Africans, is also very important. I read somewhere that the Tutsi? or Fulani word for Indigenous Africans is similar to the Jewish word “Goyim”. It will be very interesting to see if more links can be found.
If you Ged match you will see the DNA match that the Fulani people do have the middle eastern blood lines -at aprox 34.– percent.. I come from Fulani people and have been tested….NOW ??
Yes they are Semetic peoples.. I know because I’m from Fula/Fulani people. Ive completed my dna test from various dna testing labs; and all come to the same conclusions. We are called Western Semetic people.. findings can also be found in Ged Match.
I wonder if any of the Fulani people, who were captured and taken away as slaves to the Americas or the Caribbean Islands,were highly regarded and valued by the various European plantation owners, and were not so ill treated like the other African slaves.
Yes they were sought after because they were great at growing rice as needed in the Carolinas …
Hello my name is Gary I completed reading your article but I want to add to the content for the contacts of your article .I’m also descendent from the Fula people I also did my DNA analysis from three different DNA firms h uploaded all my data. To Ged match all Producing the same results semetic 30% fulani Nigeria.. Humm Fulani are derived from Hebrews over the years they have mixed ..Thanks .. You are correct.. Shalom shalom
In my thesis on “The Jews of West Africa” (submitted by Allan L. Stark to the Department of History at the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the History Honors Program, August, 1966), I researched ancient Jewish migrations from Egypt and Cyrenaic into West Africa. It was there that they contributed to the development and the very founding of the Empire of Ghana and its successor states, Mali and Songhai. The Fulani (Peul) or Fulbe People are incontestably of Caucasian origin and most probably Semitic.
How far the influence from Jewish communities in North Africa penetrated the interior of the continent and contributed to the very founding of the Empire of Ghana, can only be inferred by the short passage relating to the topic in the Tarikh-es-Soudan:
“It is certain that this kingdom (Ghana) existed before the Hegira (622 A.D.) and that 22 kings reigned before it and 22 kings reigned afterwards, 44 in all. These kings were white men, but we are ignorant whence they took their origin.”
Whether these “white-skinned” kings were Muslims is doubtful since the kingdom existed before the Hegira, and the Muslims did not reach Sijilmasa until 702 A.D.
E.W. Bovil writes (in “Golden Trade of the Moors,” page 53), “The most important southward migration of Jewish tribes (into the Western Sudan) probably occurred in 115 A.D., following a rebellion in Cyrenaica against the Romans. (The Great Jewish Revolt against Rome did not begin in Judea but in Alexandria, Egypt where a Roman legion was decimated by Jewish warriors. In response, Rome sent the 10th Legion from Gaul to the area. The revolt was crushed and the Jewish populace in Cyrenaic was destroyed. Those who survived fled into the interior of West Africa and some went as far as China).
“The migrants took two different routes. One body traveled southward through Air and across the middle Niger to the Senegal and Futa. Here they were later joined by the second body, who had taken a more westerly route through southern Morocco and the Mauretanian Adrar. As the results of these movements, the Jews became widely scattered throughout the interior of Northern Africa. In the oases of the Sahara, Jewish communities long preserved their identity, but in the Sudan, they were soon absorbed into the great mass of the native population, among whom traces of Jewish blood may still frequently be noticed.”
Here Bovill touches upon one of the most controversial subjects in African history; i.e., the racial origin of the Fulani people:
“Probably no people of the Western Sudan have so much Jewish blood as the Pastoral Fulani who were occupying Futa when two converging waves of migrant Jews finally met there. The subsequent eastward expansion of the Fulani carried Jewish blood to the shores of Lake Chad where they probably reached at the end of the 13th century. There they founded the present Fulani settlements in Darfur, Bagarmi, and Mandara.
Raymond Mauny summarized the Judaeo-Syrian origin of the Fulani people in his encyclopedic “Tableau Geographique” (pp. 459-460): ” … These Judaeo-Syrians were in part the ancestors of the Fulani and in part had been the original founders of the Ghanaan Empire about 300 A.D.”
As the writer above has noted, “The presence of Euro-Asia blood in most Fulani is also shared by these ancient Hebrew Jews.”
DNA testing has therefore confirmed the Jewish roots of the Fulani People. Nevertheless, a great deal is still to be gleaned from the African past by the use of linguistics, cultural anthropology and ethnology, together with serology and archaeology.
Your article is interesting- especially the last one which confirmed the Jewish roots of Fulani people as well as “Euro-Asian” blood.
. I found your article, because I, an Ashkenaz Jew whose grandparents came from Russia and Poland , just found out on 23and me that I have a small amount of Senegambian/Guinean DNA as well as an even smaller amount of Western Eurasian DNA.. I expected Sephardic roots but was surprised at these results.
Before finding your site, I looked online at faces of African tribes from Senegal , Gambia and Guinea to see faces that remind me of some of my family and the Fulani people are the only ones where a see some definite resemblance to myself and some relatives in some of the faces shown online.
Whether this admixture of my Jewish ancestors occurred long, long, ago as your article suggests, of more recently when Jews fled from the Inquisition and Expulsions from Spain and Portugal to Senegambia and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau I will never know.
However, my DNA testing tends to support your theory that some Jews of today( me at least) share some ancestry with the Fulani of today. I think you are on to something. Perhaps further DNA studies will reveal more of my family story.
Welcome, my dear brother, sons of Jacob, peace be upon him
Even I, like you, didn’t know about my tribe until recently, about 6 years ago
I am from Jordan, Arab in tongue, letter, and blood, and from the Fulani tribe
Through my simple research on this great interesting tribe, I was certain that it was of Israeli origin. We found him, Jacob, peace be upon him. This people, who migrated from Egypt for many reasons and at different periods, mixed with each other, and perhaps during the exit of Moses, peace be upon him, from Egypt, a group went out to the East. This group, in turn, intermarried with many societies, including Arabs, Berbers, and others. There are those who say that Uqba, peace be upon him, and the soldiers who were with him were the ancestor of the first Fulani who shared this lineage with the Jews, Africans, and Romans.
Despite the many theories, you will find that every person will choose his origin according to his whims, color, appearance, society, land, and personal interest, without evidence or proof.
As for me, since my childhood I have had a great feeling linking me to the great Prophet Jacob, and the most beloved of the prophets to my heart after the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, is David, peace be upon him, which is very similar to my life and the life of the one who carries people’s concerns.
I work as hard as possible, thanks to God, to put the origin of man first and his morals, and to work together as cousins and sons of the same blood, sons of Jacob, peace be upon him, to make this world a paradise for all who live in it, and for the differences between people to be based on their morals only.
Let us all, the children of Jacob, if we are truly his children, work to build one state, whose banner is justice
We are one family and we have one grandfather who unites us in the love of God, the Creator of everything
And remember:
And the earth is inherited by My righteous servants
Ajaarama Banmdan Muhammed. Yo Geno addu jam he adunaru. ( Thank Brother Muhammed. May God bring peace in the world). I am happy to connect with you.
We are Judah! ✊🏿
Among the different tribes of fulanis is there a group/ tribe that bears the sign of David or cross of David.
Yes, the Ful’be use it, the hexagram, called ‘kosngal ndaw
Am Pullo from Adamawa State Nigeria. I share your opinion on descendants of Jews than Arabs.
B
Am sixty years old we used to observe sabbath as part of our culture while we were Kids. We do not bath no wash on Saturdays. Instead we wash and bath on Thursdays
Yes, that’s true, Saturday is the most respected day in the Ful’be calendar
Actually, I am a fulani from Nigeria. I have always been telling my people that our behaviours is like that of Jews, but due to our religion believe people don’t want to associate us with jew. Since I have a background on Biotechnology I have been thinking of venturing on gene study to identify weather we are related to the jews.
Thank you Mustapha. I was chating with one of brothers Nigeria. He said Fulani has nothing to do judaism. He went further say Fulani are decendent of Ishaq. But when who was Ishaq he never reply again..
Thank you Madi Jobateh, Sherifo Tourey, Waka Jeng and the rest of you for the comments. I noted that your comments to large extend, corroborated with that of many scholars on the myths surrounding the origin of the Fulbe. I totally agree with you that there is no simple and straightforward answer to this topic. And because of that, the view of the different scholars are as diverse as the Fulbe people themselves; who today are considered one of most geographically and linguistically diverse group in the world. Thus, my article was not intended to portray Fulbe as better people to other groups as some may tend to believe, neither are Jewish superhuman, but rather to open up an intellectual debate on this topic and unearth this myths, and give us a better understanding of who the Fulani people are, and why their phenotype is dissimilar to most other ethnic groups in West Africa. In as much as I accepted the linguistic and cultural interconnectedness between various ethnic groups in west Africa, likewise in other regions, I also think their root origin may differs. But this origin become often insignificant and get lost along the way after few generation. And thus make us to forget where we come from.
One of the commentators ( anonymous) in my blog suggested that linking Fulani to Jews, or the claim that Ibo or Ethiopian have Jewish linked is nothing but lack of self-esteem of the African person. And by claiming to be Jewish-origin is just way to make Fulani feel relevant. He/she even said, the word ‘Jam” is in fact not Fulani but maybe Soninke. Though I appreciate his/her comment, I think, it is a rather simplistic answer. It also failed to illustrate, that the soninke ( or Serahule as we call them in Gambia) had been living closely with Fulanis for centuries, and that there maybe burrowed words from each of these two groups.
About the origin of Fulani from Egypt. I am not sure how correct is this, but I think the theory is plausible. In fact, most Fulani, whether nomadic or sedimentary believes that their ancestors come Egypt, and later settle in the Sahel or diverse regions with their cattle. Why is this so, or whether or not they practiced Judaism before their conversion to Islam is upon for further research. However, DNA analysis of some Fulani, revealed the presence of ( about 9%) of western Eurasia hablogroups such as U5, U6, and J1 in their chromosome. Though this may seems insignificant compared to their 79% of west African mtDNA haplogroup,such as 1b, L3d, L3b, L2b, L2c, and L2d, there is no other “negroid” group that have such an amount of euroasian hablogroup in their chromsome. But the same hablogroups were also found among Semitics and other Judaism practicing tribes of Egypt and other middle eastern countries. And it still found in many people of north African countries. According to Hassan et al (2008), of 26 Fulani they tested of their Y-Chromosomes, over 1/2 had Eurasian Caucasoid Y-DNA .
Though the percentage of Caucasian Y-DNA among nomadic Fulani ( eg Wodaabe, Felletas) differs from sedimentary Fulani ( e.g Toroobe and Tukuleur, and Jiyaabe), it may suggest that the ancient origin of Fulani were Caucasian nomads (Dupuy 1999). The low amount of Caucasoid Y-DNA among sedimentary Fulani was largely due to intermarriages with other groups, while some were in fact non-fulani ethnics captured in wars and latter adopted Fulani as their new ethnic group during the peak of Fulani hegemony of the 17th to 19th centuries in west Africa. Also Tishkoff (2009), explain that the Fulani are not basically of “negro stock”, although it is clear that through the centuries Fulani populations have interbred in various degrees with the “Negro populations” among whom they are dispersed, the pastoral Fulani, retain non-negroid physical characteristics to the greatest extent, speak the purest Fulfulde, and in general have been the least amenable to conversion to Islam, still practice mixture of Islamic, pagan and Jewish traditions.
In conclusion, Tarikh el-Fettash (16th century) and the tarikh el Soudan (17th century.) suggested there were several Jewish communities that existed in west Africa before the coming of Islam. This community was formed by a group of Egyptian Jews, who traveled by way of the Sahel corridor through Chad into Mali. Were these former Jews now the current Fulani Muslims? It open for interpretation!!
Reference
http://pullosudan.blogspot.com.es/2009/07/fulani-people-in-eritrea-east-sudan.html
http://www.nubian-forum.com/vb/archive/index.php/t-1160.html
Click to access Fulani.pdf
Click to access v2-294-299.pdf
http://pulaarspeaking.net/whoarethefulani.aspx
http://www.africanancestry.com/science_response.html
I always maintained that not all of the Hebrew orJewish people, as they were known up to this present times, left Egypt about the 15th century BCE, all ended up the land of Canaan.For I have strong feeling that quite a lot went down south to Nubia, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and onto the northern borders of Kenya.
And probably, the rest of them went to the southern regions of Sahara, and then on to settle in the West Africa countries.They, most likely, intermarried with the local tribes in those areas over a long period of time.
I will suggest the topic should be changed to : Fulani: Muslims of Jewish’s Origin’ or Israelite origin. Many of Ful’be pre-islamic era make mention of some prophets of Biblical scriptures. According to some narrations the Ful’be kingdom of Dia was established under the command of Prophet Moses, Fulbe called Queen Sheba aunt, Ful’be always say prophet Solomon taught the art of good herding, and when crowning a Laamiido, it is said, he is given the staff of King Suleiman, also the star of King David is put in high steem, as ‘Kosngal Ndaw’, and not forgetting that circumcision is a Ful’be practice and it is well honored with celebration. The naming ceremony on the 8th day after the child birth (Inndeeri) is a Ful’be practice. The idea of not marrying Haabe as Geno-Dumdaari ordained is highly respected among the nomadic Ful’be, non Ful’be are referred to Kaado, meaning Gentile. The idea of hair plaiting was ordered by Moses. Etc…
I will also suggest you should consult some books such as Les Peuls by Tierno Monénembho, Les contributions de l’histoire peuls by Boubou Hamma, Jaawanbe by Ahmadou Hampaté Ba etc
Just wanted to add that I read in an article recently that some Caucasian man did research on Fulani origins over 100 years ago and said that all of their oral traditions point to an exodus from Jordan and around that area..so the likelihood of Fulani’s being Hebrews and more specifically descendants of Jacob/Israel is a possibility. Some Yehudim’s (Judah tribe) would often run into Ancient Egypt to hide among the other black people to escape persecution so it is likely that a migration throughout the Sahel is possible.
There was no Sahel as such , until about 400 years ago. So migration to the Sahel. Is a non-starter
Dear Ebrima,
I am not sure if you received an email, which I sent you recently.But I don’t want to repeat what have sent you previously about the Fulani ancestors’ migration from the east side of Africa to the west side, thousands of years ago.
Yours sincerely; William David Rooseboom.